Tsakonian Digital VaultThe Tsakonian verbal system is characterized by a mix of conservative Doric features and unique innovations. It maintains a system of aspects (Imperfective vs. Perfective) and voices (Active vs. Passive), often employing periphrastic constructions.
Grammar glossary: Aspect refers to whether an action is viewed as ongoing/repeated (Imperfective) or completed/single (Perfective) — a distinction more prominent in Tsakonian and Slavic languages than in English. Voice indicates whether the subject does the action (Active) or receives it (Passive). A periphrastic construction uses two words (an auxiliary + main verb form) instead of a single inflected form. Participle: a verb form used like an adjective or as part of a compound tense (e.g. English ‘seeing’, ‘seen’). See 1.3 Doric heritage for the historical origin of the periphrastic system.
Aspect and Voice
Aspect is a central feature of the Tsakonian verb, distinguishing between ongoing or repeated actions (Imperfective) and completed, single actions (Perfective).
Active and Passive Voices
The passive voice is distinct from the active voice, with specific forms for different aspects and timeframes. Below is the paradigm for the verb ορού (oroú, to see) (Lysikatos, n.d.):
| Aspect | Time | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective | Non-Past | ένι ορού (éni oroú) | ενί ορούμενε (éni oroúmene) |
| Past | έμα ορού (éma oroú) | έμα ορούμενε (éma oroúmene) | |
| Perfective | Non-Past | οραού (oraoú) | οραθού (orazzoú) |
| Past | οράκα (oráka) | οράμα (oráma) |
Passive Participles
Passive participles in Tsakonian function primarily as verbs rather than adjectives, retaining verbal syntactic characteristics even in complex structures (Lysikatos, n.d.). This verbal nature is central to understanding the periphrastic system, since the participle in constructions like ενί ορούμενε (éni oroúmene) behaves syntactically as a predicate rather than a modifier.
- Analytic Imperfective Participles: Often end in -μένε (-méne) (e.g., ορούμενε (oroúmene)).
- Synthetic Perfective Passive Participles: Retain verbal syntactic characteristics even when used in complex structures.
Periphrastic Constructions
Tsakonian is the only Greek dialect with exclusively compound (periphrastic) present and imperfect forms (Liosis, 2017). This is a defining feature of the language and the most visible difference from Standard Modern Greek. The indicative is formed with the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ (éni) + the participle of the main verb:
| Tense | Form | Translit. | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | ένι ορού | éni oroú | ’I see’ |
| Imperfect | έμα ορού | éma oroú | ’I was seeing’ |
| Present passive | ένι ορούμενε | éni oroúmene | ’I am seen’ |
| Imperfect passive | έμα ορούμενε | éma oroúmene | ’I was being seen’ |
This distinguishes Tsakonian not only from all other Greek dialects but from most languages globally (cf. Haspelmath 1998) (Liosis, 2017).
Gender Distinction in Periphrastic Tenses
A remarkable feature of the Tsakonian periphrastic system is that the participle in the present and imperfect indicative agrees in gender with the subject. This means that these tenses morphologically distinguish whether the subject is masculine, feminine, or neuter — a feature unique among Greek varieties (Kostakis, 1951):
| Gender | Present (‘I want’) | Translit. | Imperfect (‘I wanted’) | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | ένι θέλου | éni thélou | έμα θέλου | éma thélou |
| Feminine | ένι θέλα | éni théla | έμα θέλα | éma théla |
| Neuter | ένι θέλουντα | éni thélounda | έμα θέλουντα | éma thélounda |
For example, a man says ένι ορού (éni oroú, ‘I see’, masc. participle), but a woman says ένι ορά (éni orá, ‘I see’, fem. participle).
The Auxiliary ένι έχου (éni échou, ‘I have’)
Tsakonian expresses “to have” periphrastically as ένι έχου (literally “I am having”), corresponding to SMG έχω (écho). This construction is built from the copula ένι (éni) plus the participle έχου (échou), and is itself used as an auxiliary for compound tenses (Kostakis, 1951):
| Tense | Formation | Example | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | ένι έχου | ’I have’ | éni échou |
| Imperfect | έμα έχου | ’I had’ | éma échou |
| Perfect | ένι έχου + perf. participle | ένι έχου φτατέ ‘I have arrived’ | éni échou ftaté |
| Pluperfect | έμα έχου + perf. participle | έμα έχου φτατέ ‘I had arrived’ | éma échou ftaté |
| Future perfect | θα έχου + perf. participle | ’I will have arrived’ | tha échou … |
The full present paradigm of ένι έχου:
| Person | Singular | Translit. | Plural | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | ένι έχου | éni échou | έμε έχου | éme échou |
| 2nd | έσι έχου | ési échou | έτε έχου | éte échou |
| 3rd | έν̇ι έχου | én’i échou | είνι έχου | eíni échou |
Laconian Origin of Periphrasis
Contrary to Aerts’s (1965) assertion that these periphrases are an innovation, verbal periphrases leading to the modern Tsakonian system are attested in Hesychius’s Laconian glosses — Hesychius was a 5th-century AD Greek lexicographer who compiled a dictionary including rare Laconian dialect words, providing crucial evidence for the dialect’s ancient roots. (Liosis, 2017). Also see 1.3 Doric heritage for the broader context of Doric morphological inheritance.
| Hesychius Laconian | Attic Equivalent | Translit. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ἐξηληµβώρ | ἐξειληφώς (ἦν) | exilimmór | ’to perceive’ |
This proves that the periphrastic system is an inherited Laconian feature rather than an independent development within Tsakonian.
Subjunctive vs. Indicative
Tsakonian is the only Modern Greek dialect that preserves morphologically distinct endings in the monolectic (single-word) subjunctive, in contrast to the periphrastic indicative. The subjunctive mood is a grammatical mood used to express possibility, wish, or purpose — in English it survives in phrases like ‘if I were’ or ‘I suggest he be present’. In Standard Modern Greek the subjunctive forms have merged completely with the indicative; Tsakonian’s preservation of this distinction is a direct Doric archaism (see 1.3 Doric heritage) (Liosis, 2017).
Active Voice
| Mood | Imperfective | Translit. | Perfective | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | ένι ορού ‘I see’ | éni oroú | — | |
| Subjunctive | να ορίνου ‘that I see (impf.)‘ | na orínou | να οράου ‘that I see (perf.)‘ | na oraoú |
Passive Voice
| Mood | Imperfective | Translit. | Perfective | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | ένι ορούμενε ‘I am seen’ | éni oroúmene | — | |
| Subjunctive | να ορινούμα ‘that I be seen (impf.)‘ | na orinoúma | να οραθού ‘that I be seen (perf.)‘ | na orazzoú |
The mediopassive present subjunctive paradigm shows a mixture of the person endings of the ancient subjunctive and optative. For example, να γραφούμα (na grafoúma, ‘I be written (pres. subj.)’) is comparable with the ancient optative γραφοίμην (grafoimín), while the 3rd person singular να γράφηται (na gráfiti) derives from the ancient subjunctive γράφηται (gráfiti) (Liosis, 2017).
Aspect Marking Morphology
Imperfectivity is marked by morphemes that follow the verb stem. The contrast between imperfective and perfective subjunctive forms illustrates this (Liosis, 2017):
| Imperfective | Translit. | Perfective | Translit. | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| να απρού-κh-ου | na aproú-kh-ou | να απρού | na aproú | ’spread’ |
| να ορ-ίν-ου | na or-ín-ou | να οράου | na oraoú | ’see’ |
The bolded segments -κh- (-kh-) and -ίν- (-ín-) are imperfective morphemes inserted between the stem and the ending.
Transitivity Marking: The Suffix -αΐχου (-aíchou)
The suffix -αΐχου (-aíchou) is widely used to derive transitive (causative) verbs from intransitive bases (Liosis, 2017):
| Intransitive | Translit. | Gloss | Transitive (-αΐχου) | Translit. | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μοζού | mozzoú | ’feel pain’ | μοζαΐχου | mozzaíchou | ’cause pain’ |
| γερού | geroú | ’get old’ | γεραΐχου | geraíchou | ’cause someone to age’ |
Mediopassive Aorist
The aorist is an ancient Greek tense expressing a simple, punctual past action (roughly corresponding to English simple past). The mediopassive is a combined voice category where the subject is both agent and recipient of the action. The mediopassive aorist paradigm in Tsakonian is particularly archaic (Liosis, 2017).
Person Endings
The ending -μα (-ma) in Tsakonian corresponds to -μην (-min) of the middle aorist of athematic verbs in Attic:
| Tsakonian | Translit. | Attic | Translit. | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ορά-μα | orá-ma | ἐδό-μην | edó-min | ’I was seen’ / ‘I was given’ |
Doric Perfect Preservation
The syncretism of the perfect and the aorist led to the preservation of aorists with labial or velar stems that correspond to Doric perfects with voiced obstruents, in contrast to Attic voiceless aspirates (Liosis, 2017):
| Tsakonian Aorist | Translit. | Doric (Messenian) Perfect | Translit. | Attic Perfect | Translit. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| εκρέβα [eˈkreva] ‘I stole’ | ekréva | κεκλεβώς [kekleˈvos] | keklevós | κέκλοφα [kéklopha] | kéklopha |
Auxiliary Verbs
The auxiliary verbs ένι (éni, to be) and έχου (échou, to have) are fundamental to the Tsakonian periphrastic system (García Chaparro, 2023).
Verb ένι (éni) — to be
| | | Present Indicative | Aorist (Imperfect) | Future | Conditional | | :-------------- | :-------- | :----------------- | :----------------- | :-------- | :----------------- | --------------------- | | Affirmative | Sing. | A’ | ένι (éni) | έμα (éma) | θα + subj. pres. | θάκια + subj. pres. | | | | B’ | έσι (ési) | έσα (ésa) | | | | | | Γ’ | έν̇ι (én’i) | έκι (éki) | | | | | Plur. | A’ | έμε (éme) | έμαϊ (émaï) | | | | | | B’ | έτ̔ε (éthe) | έτ̔αϊ (éthaï) | | | | | | Γ’ | είνι (eíni) | ήγκι(αϊ) (íngki(aï)) | | | | Negative | Sing. | A’ | όνι (óni) | όμα (óma) | Ο θα + subj. pres. | Ο θάκια + subj. pres. | | | | B’ | όσι (ósi) | όσα (ósa) | | | | | | Γ’ | όν̇ι (ón’i) | όκι (óki) | | | | | Plur. | A’ | όμε (óme) | όμαϊ (ómaï) | | | | | | B’ | ότ̔ε (óthe) | ότ̔αϊ (óthaï) | | | | | | Γ’ | ούνι (oúni) | ούγκι(αϊ) (oúngki(aï)) | | |
Verb έχου (échou) — to have
| Voice | Number | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Imperative | Aorist (Imperfect) | Future | Conditional | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | Sing. | A’ | ένι + έχου part. | έχου (échou) | έμα + έχου part. | θα + subj. pres. | θάκια + subj. pres. | |
| B’ | = | έχερε (échere) | έχε (éche) | = | = | = | ||
| Γ’ | = | έχει (échei) | = | = | = | |||
| Plur. | A’ | = | έχομε (échome) | = | = | = | ||
| B’ | = | έχετε (échete) | = | = | = | |||
| Γ’ | = | έχωι (échoi) | = | = | = |
Regular Conjugation Paradigm
The following table presents the complete conjugation paradigm for regular verbs (García Chaparro, 2023):
| Voice | Number | Type | Present Ind. | Imperfect Ind. | Pres. Subj. | Imperative | Aorist Ind. | Aorist Subj. | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future Cont. | Future Simple | Future Perf. | Cond. Cont. | Cond. Simple |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | Sing. | A’ | ένι + part. pres. | έμα + part. pres. | -ου (-ou) | -ε / -ερε (-e / -ere) | -α / -κα (-a / -ka) | -ου (-ou) | ένι έχου + part. perf. | έμα έχου + part. perf. | θα + subj. pres. | θα + subj. aor. | θα έχου + part. perf. | θάκια + subj. pres. | θάκια + subj. aor. |
| B’ | -ερε (-ere) | -ερε (-ere) | |||||||||||||
| Γ’ | -ει (-ei) | -ει (-ei) | |||||||||||||
| Plur. | A’ | έμε + part. pres. | έμαϊ + part. pres. | -ομε (-ome) | -ετε (-ete) | -αμε / -καμε (-ame / -kame) | -ομε (-ome) | έμε έχου + part. perf. | έμαϊ έχου + part. perf. | = | = | = | = | = | |
| B’ | -ετε (-ete) | -ατε / -κατε (-ate / -kate) | -ετε (-ete) | ||||||||||||
| Γ’ | είνι + part. pres. | ήγκι + part. pres. | -ωι (-oi) | -αϊ / -καϊ (-aï / -kaï) | -ωι (-oi) | είνι έχου + part. perf. | ήγκι έχου + part. perf. | ||||||||
| Passive | Sing. | A’ | ένι + part. pres. pass. | έμα + part. pres. pass. | -ούμα (-oúma) | -ου / -σου (-ou / -sou) | -μα (-ma) | -αθού / -ου (-azzoú / -ou) | έμα + part. perf. pass. | ένι έχου + part. perf. pass. | θα + subj. pres. pass. | θα + subj. aor. pass. | θα έχου + part. perf. pass. | θάκια + subj. pres. pass. | θάκια + subj. aor. pass. |
| B’ | -ησου (-isou) | -ειρε (-eire) | -ου (-ou) | ||||||||||||
| Γ’ | -ηται (-itai) | -ε (-e) | -εί (-eí) | ||||||||||||
| Plur. | A’ | έμε + part. pres. pass. | έμαϊ + part. pres. pass. | -ούμαϊ (-oúmaï) | -είτε (-eíte) | -μαϊ (-maï) | -ούμε (-oúme) | ||||||||
| B’ | -ητ̔ε (-ithe) | -ατε (-ate) | -είτε (-eíte) | ||||||||||||
| Γ’ | είνι + part. pres. pass. | ήγκι + part. pres. pass. | -ονται (-ontai) | -αϊ (-aï) | -ούν̇ι (-oún’i) |
Note: Perfect and Pluperfect Active are formed with the auxiliary “to have” (ένι έχου / έμα έχου) and the perfect participle (verbal adjective in -τέ, -té). In the Passive, they are often formed with “to be” (ένι / έμα) and the same participle.
Verb Classes
Tsakonian verbs are divided into paradigm classes based on their conjugation patterns. Regular classes (PA*, PB*) show suffix patterns; irregular verbs show full forms (García Chaparro, 2023).
| Paradigm | Act. Pres. Ind. | Act. Aor. Ind. | Act. Aor. Subj. | Perf. Part. (-τέ) | Act. Pres. Subj. | Act. Imp. (Aor.) | Act. Imp. (Pres.) | Pass. Pres. Ind. | Pass. Aor. Ind. | Pass. Pres. Subj. | Pass. Aor. Subj. | Pass. Imp. (Pres.) | Pass. Imp. (Aor.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PA1 | -αίνου (-aínou) | -άκα (-áka) | -άου (-áoú) | -ατέ (-até) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -άμα (-áma) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -αθού (-azoú) | |||||
| PA1 | -άνου (-ánou) | -άκα (-áka) | -άου (-áoú) | -ατέ (-até) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -άμα (-άμα) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | ||||||
| PA1 | -ίνου (-ίνου) | -ίκα (-ίκα) | -ίου (-ίοú) | -ατέ (-até) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | |||||||
| PA1 | -ήνου (-ήνου) | -ήκα (-ήκα) | -ήου (-ήoú) | -ατέ (-até) | |||||||||
| PA1H | -αίνου (-aίνου) | -ήκα (-ήκα) | -ου (-ou) | ||||||||||
| PA2 | -ούνου (-ούνου) | -ούκα (-ούκα) | -ού (-οú) | -ουτέ (-outé) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -ούμα (-oúma) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -ουθού (-ouzoú) | |||||
| PA3 | -ούκ̔ου (-oúkhou) | -ούκα (-oúκα) | -ού (-οú) | -ουτέ (-outé) | -ου (-ou) | -ουτσ̑ε (-outsse) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -ούμα (-oúma) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -ουθού (-ouzoú) | -ούτσ̑ισου (-outssisou) | -ούσου (-oúsou) | |
| PA4 | -ίχου (-íchou) | -ία (-ία) | -ίτσου (-ítsou) | -ιστέ (-isté) | |||||||||
| PA4 | -ίντου (-índou) | -ία (-ία) | -ίτσου (-ítsou) | -ιτέ (-ité) | -ιτσε (-itse) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -ίμα (-ίμα) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -ίτ̔ου (-íthou) | ||||
| PA4 | -ύντου (-ýndou) | -ία (-ία) | -ίτσου (-ítsou) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | ||||||||
| PA4 | -άντου (-ándou) | -α (-a) | -άτσου (-átsou) | -ατέ (-até) | -ατσε (-atse) | -αντε (-ande) | +μενε (+mene) | -άμα (-áma) | +μα (+ma) | -ατού (-atoú) | -αντισου (-andisou) | -άτσου (-átsou) | |
| PA5 | -ίζου (-ίζου) | -ία (-ία) | -σου (-sou) | -ιστέ (-isté) | -ισε (-ise) | -ιζε (-ize) | -ισκούμενε (-iskoúmene) | -ίσμα (-ίσμα) | -ισκούμα (-iskoúma) | -ιστού (-istoú) | -ίζισου (-ízisou) | -ίσου (-ίσου) | |
| PA5 | -ύζου (-ýzou) | -ύα (-ύα) | -σου (-sou) | -υστέ (-ysté) | |||||||||
| PA5 | -άζου (-άζου) | -ά (-ά) | -σου (-sou) | -αστέ (-asté) | -ασε (-ase) | -άσμα (-άσμα) | |||||||
| PA6 | -φου (-fou) | -βα (-va) | -ψου (-psou) | -φτέ (-fté) | -ψε (-pse) | -φε (-fe) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -‘μα (-‘ma) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -φτού (-ftoú) | -φισου (-fisou) | -ψου (-psou) | |
| PA7 | -έγγου (-éngou) | -εύα (-eúa) | -έψου (-épsou) | -ευτέ (-euté) | -εψε (-epse) | -εμπζε (-embzze) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | -έμα (-éma) | +‘μα (+‘ma) | -ευτού (-eutoú) | -έμπζισου (-émbzzisou) | -έψου (-épsou) | |
| PA8 | -ίγγου (-ίngou) | -ία (-ία) | -ίτσου (-ítsou) | ||||||||||
| PA9 | -έχου (-échou) | -έα (-έα) | -έστου (-éstou) | -ετέ (-eté) | |||||||||
| PA10I | -ίου (-ίου) | -ίκα (-ίκα) | -ου (-ou) | -ιτέ (-ité) | -ίνου (-ίνου) | ||||||||
| PA10A | -ίου (-ίου) | -άκα (-άκα) | -ου (-ou) | -ατέ (-até) | -ίνου (-ίνου) | ||||||||
| PA11 | -αίσου (-aísou) | -άκα (-άκα) | -ου (-ou) | ||||||||||
| PA12 | -ρίκου (-ríκου) | -γα (-ga) | -άου (-aoú) | ||||||||||
| PA13 | -ρου (-rou) | -ρκα (-rka) | |||||||||||
| PA14 | -άσσου (-άσσου) | -ά (-ά) | -άτσου (-άτσου) | -ατέ (-até) | +‘μένε (+‘méne) | ||||||||
| PB1 | -ού (-οú) | -άκα (-άκα) | -άου (-aoú) | -ατέ (-até) | -ήνου (-ínou) | -α (-a) | -ηνε (-ine) | +μενε (+mene) | -άμα (-áma) | -ηνούμα (-inoúma) | -αθού (-azoú) | -ήνισου (-ínisou) | -ασου (-asou) |
| PB2 | -ού (-οú) | -ήκα (-ήκα) | -ήου (-ήoú) | -ητέ (-ité) | -ήνου (-ínou) | -ηκούμενε (-ikoúmene) | -ήμα (-ίμα) | -ηκούμα (-ikoúma) | -ηθού (-izoú) | -ήτσ̌ισου (-ítshisou) | -ήσου (-ίσου) | ||
| PB3 | -ού (-οú) | -έκα (-έκα) | -έου (-έoú) | -ετέ (-eté) | -ήνου (-ínou) | -ε (-e) | -ηνε (-ine) | -εσκούμενε (-eskoúmene) | -εσκούμα (-eskoúma) | -έτσ̌ισου (-étshisou) | |||
| αού (aoú) | επέκα (epéka) | αλ̣ήσου (al’ísou) | πετέ (peté) | αλ̣ήνου (al’ínou) | άλε (ále) | άλ̣ηνε (ál’ine) | αλ̣ικούμενε (al’ikoúmene) | επέμα (epéma) | αλ̣ικούμα (al’ikoúma) | αλ̣ήμα (al’ima) | |||
| αρίκ̔ου (aríkhou) | άγκα (ángka) | άρου (árou) | παρτέ (parté) | άρε (áre) | άριτσ̑ε (áritsse) | ||||||||
| έγγου (éngou) | εζάκα (ezzáka) | ζάσου (zzásou) | ζατέ (zzaté) | χάγγε (chángge) | έντζε (éndzze) | ||||||||
| παρίου (paríou) | εκάνα (ekána) | μόλου (mólou) | φερτέ (ferté) | έα (έα) | παρίσου (parísou) | ||||||||
| τσ̌ού (tshoú) | εφαήκα (efaíka) | φάου (fáoú) | φαητέ (faité) | τσ̌ούνου (tshoúnou) | φάε (fάe) | τσ̌ούνε (tshoúne) | |||||||
| φερίκ̔ου (ferikhoú) | ενέγκα (enéngka) | φέρου (férou) | φερτέ (ferté) | φέρε (fére) | φέριτσ̑ε (féritsse) | φερικ̔ούμενε (ferikhoúmene) | φερικ̔ούμα (ferιkhoúma) | φερικ̔ούμα (ferikhoúma) | φερθού (ferzoú) | φερίτσ̑ισου (ferítssisou) | φερίσου (ferísou) | ||
| γινούμενε (ginoúmene) | νατέ (naté) | γινούμενε (ginoúmene) | ενάμα (ενάμα) | γινούμα (ginoúμα) | ναθού (nazoú) | γινίσου (ginísou) | νάσου (nάσου) | ||||||
| μπάνου (bánou) | εμπαλ̣ήκα (embal’íka) | μπάλου (bálou) | μπαλ̣ητέ (bal’ité) | μπάλε (bále) | |||||||||
| ένι (éni) | έμα (éma) | ένι (éni) | |||||||||||
| έχου (échou) | έμα έχου (éma échou) | έχου (échou) | |||||||||||
| βάνου (vánou) | εβαλ̣ήκα (eval’íka) | βάλου (válou) | βαλ̣ητέ (val’ité) | ||||||||||
| ερέχου (eréchou) | ερέκα (ερέκα) | ερεστέ (eresté) |
References
- Liosis, N. (2017). Tsakonian Studies: The State-of-the-Art. Tsakonian Studies State of the Art.md
- García Chaparro, J. (2023). Condensed Grammar of the Tsakonian Language in Tables. Condensed Grammar of the Tsakonian Language in Tables.md
- Lysikatos, N. (n.d.). Aspects of the Passive in Tsakonian. Aspects of the Passive in Tsakonian.md
- Kostakis, A. P. (1951). Σύντομη Γραμματική της Τσακώνικης Διαλέκτου (Sýntomi Grammatikí tis Tsakónikis Dialéktou). Institut Français d’Athènes. Kostakis Short Grammar of Tsakonian 1951.md